Sensors — The Internet of the Body
Biological sensors (biosensors) are devices that detect and measure biological substances or processes. Next-generation biosensors are so small that they can be implanted under the skin, embedded in clothing, or even swallowed as a capsule. They monitor hundreds of biomarkers in real time and transmit data to a smartphone.
🎯 Types of Biosensors in Sport
💧 Sweat Sensors
Wearable patches or bracelets that analyze sweat in real time: glucose, lactate, sodium, potassium, ammonia. They allow detection of dehydration and energy deficiency.
🩸 Interstitial Fluid Sensors
Microneedle or cell-free sensors that measure glucose, lactate, and electrolytes on the skin surface without blood sampling.
🫁 Exhaled Breath Sensors
Wearable devices that analyze exhaled breath: acetone (fat burning), ammonia (protein metabolism), NO (inflammation).
🧬 DNA/RNA Sensors
Detect specific genetic markers or viral RNA in saliva or blood within 5–10 min. Can identify an infection before symptoms appear.
📅 Evolution of Biosensors
2025: Wearable Sensors
Smartwatches and chest straps with improved optical sensors — heart rate, SpO2, body temperature, HRV.
2027: Epidermal Sensors
Temporary “smart tattoos” that measure glucose, lactate, alcohol, and electrolytes through the skin. They work for 1–2 weeks.
2030: Ingestible Sensors
Capsules with sensors that travel through the digestive tract and measure pH, temperature, bacterial composition, and inflammatory markers.
2035: Molecular Sensors
Nanoparticle-based sensors circulating in the blood and reporting on inflammation, hormone levels, and even cancer cells.
🛠️ Practical Application Today
| Sensor | Manufacturer | Measured Parameters | Price (EUR) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Garmin HRM-Pro Plus | Garmin | Heart rate, running dynamics | 130 |
| WHOOP 4.0 | WHOOP | HRV, sleep, recovery, skin temp. | 30/month |
| Levels CGM | Levels Health | Glucose 24/7 | 200/month |
| Nix Hydration | Nix Biosensors | Sweat analysis: fluids, electrolytes | 130 |
| Oxa Life | Oxa | HRV, respiratory rate, relaxation | 250 |
❓ Frequently Asked Questions
Some are already widely used (AI analytics, smart clothing), while others are still being tested in laboratories or are available only to professional sport. Over the next 5–10 years, most of them will become more accessible to amateurs as well.
Most analytical and monitoring technologies are completely legal. However, some biological interventions (gene editing, optogenetics, artificial blood) are prohibited by WADA and other sports organisations. Always check the rules of your sport.
Smart clothing, VR training and AI analytics are already available at an acceptable price. Biotechnologies (gene therapy, cell therapy) are still expensive and experimental, but prices are falling rapidly.
🔬 Scientific Facts and Research
These innovations are based on decades of scientific research:
- MIT and Stanford There is evidence that AI analytics can reduce the risk of injury
- Scientific literature discusses that CRISPR gene editing can accelerate muscle regeneration by up to 2x
- WADA actively monitors the development of biotechnologies and updates the list of prohibited methods annually
- U.S. Army research with exoskeletons shows a 25–40% increase in endurance
⚡ Pro Tip
Technology is only a tool. Biological Sensors in Sport can provide incredible advantages, but the basic principles of sport do not change: consistent work, proper nutrition, rest and psychological preparation remain the most important. Innovations help optimise these processes rather than replace them.